The Design of the Sidekick essays

The Design of the Sidekick expositions The Design and Use of the T-Mobile Color Sidekick Correspondence is significant. Numerous individuals use phones and electronic gadgets ordinarily to speak with their families and companions. One kind of wireless that numerous in need of a hearing aide or hard of hearing individuals use, alongside hearing individuals, is the T-Mobile Sidekick from Danger, Inc. They use it in light of the fact that not just it has a telephone include like all PDAs, however it likewise has a texting program that fills in as an option in contrast to a telephone for individuals who can't hear well. The Sidekick will be analyzed, to check whether it is helpful to an individual who possesses one, by following a portion of the fundamental planning standards got from Donald A. Normans The Design of Everyday Things. The Sidekick has numerous things off-base about it that are regularly neglected and it likewise has numerous extraordinary highlights, for example, its email administration that makes the gadget a mobile phone/pager in one. The Sidekick arrives in a spiffy bright box from T-Mobile and it incorporates a re-charger, a wrist lash and a spread. Does the Sidekick have an incredible feeling of ease of use? That still can't seem to be resolved in this paper. The presence of the pager has clients competing for it. Its silver body with a turn LCD screen that pivots clockwise 180 degrees around the pivot, that sits about several centimeters from the highest point of the telephone, makes an individual need to get his/her hands on whats uncovered when the LCD is flipped a QWERTY console. At the point when the LCD screen is turned topsy turvy, the substance on the screen will likewise flip to make perusing simpler. An interactive parchment wheel is installed inside the correct focus of the gadget where the clients thumb may wander over when the hand is holding the pager. Inside the wheel, lies a multi-shaded minuscule light to show changing hues utilized for criticism to the client. Put on the upper right corner of the pager, which is legitimately over the blazing parchment wheel, exists a 11-column vent in... <!

Mark and Spencer Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Porter’s Five Forces Model Essay Porter’s five powers model aides in getting to where the force lies in a business circumstance. Porter’s Model is really a business methodology device that helps in investigating the appeal in an industry structure. It let you get to current quality of your serious position and the quality of the position that you are wanting to achieve. Doormen Model is viewed as a significant piece of arranging device set. When you’re clear about where the force lies, you can exploit your qualities and can improve the shortcomings and can contend productively and viably. Doormen model of serious powers accept that there are five serious powers that recognizes the serious force in a business circumstance. These five serious powers distinguished by the Michael Porter are: 1. Danger of substitute items 2. Danger of new contestants 3. Extraordinary competition among existing players 4. Dealing intensity of providers 5. Dealing intensity of Buyers 1. Danger of substitute items Danger of substitute items implies how effectively your clients can change to your rivals item. Danger of substitute is high when: * There are many substitute items accessible * Customer can undoubtedly discover the item or administration that you’re offering at the equivalent or less cost * Quality of the competitors’ item is better * Substitute item is by an organization acquiring high benefits so can lessen costs to the most reduced level. In the previously mentioned circumstances, Customer can without much of a stretch change to substitute items. So substitutes are a danger to your organization. When there are genuine and potential substitute items accessible at that point fragment is ugly. Benefits and costs are affected by substitutes along these lines, there is have to intently screen value patterns. In substitute businesses, on the off chance that opposition rises or innovation modernizes, at that point costs and benefits decay. 2. Danger of new contestants Another passage of a contender into your market likewise debilitates your capacity. Danger of new section relies on passage and leave boundaries. Danger of new section is high when: * Capital prerequisites to begin the business are less * Few economies of scale are set up * Customers can without much of a stretch switch (low exchanging cost) * Your key innovation isn't difficult to get or isn’t ensured well * Your item isn't separated There is variety in appeal of fragment contingent on passage and leave obstructions. That section is increasingly appealing which has high passage hindrances and low leave boundaries. Some new firms go into industry and low performing organizations leave the market without any problem. At the point when both section and leave obstructions are high at that point net revenue is additionally high however organizations face more hazard since terrible showing organizations remain in and battle it out. At the point when these boundaries are low at that point firms effectively enter and leave the business, benefit is low. The most exceedingly awful condition is when section boundaries are low and leave hindrances are high then in great occasions firms enter and it become hard to exit in terrible occasions. 3. Industry Rivalry Industry contention mean the force of rivalry among the current rivals in the market. Power of contention relies upon the quantity of contenders and their abilities. Industry contention is high when: * There are number of little or equivalent contenders and less when there’s a reasonable market pioneer. * Customers have low exchanging costs * Industry is developing * Exit boundaries are high and adversaries remain and contend * Fixed expense are high coming about immense creation and decrease in costs These circumstances make the purposes behind publicizing wars, cost wars, adjustments, at last costs increment and it is hard to contend. 4. Dealing intensity of providers Dealing Power of provider implies how solid is the situation of a merchant. How much your provider have authority over expanding the Price ofâ supplies. Providers are all the more impressive when * Suppliers are focused and efficient * a couple of substitutes accessible to provisions * Their item is best or novel * Switching cost, starting with one providers then onto the next, is high * You are not a significant client to Supplier At the point when providers have more authority over provisions and its costs that fragment is less appealing. It is most ideal approach to make win-win connection with providers. It’s smart thought to have multi-wellsprings of flexibly. 5. Haggling intensity of Buyers Haggling Power of Buyers implies, How much control the purchasers need to drive down your items cost, Can they cooperate in requesting enormous volumes. Purchasers have all the more bartering power when: * Few purchasers pursuing such a large number of products * Buyer buys in mass amounts * Product isn't separated * Buyer’s cost of changing to a competitors’ item is low * Shopping cost is low * Buyers are value delicate * Credible Threat of coordination Buyer’s bartering force might be let somewhere around offering separated item. In the event that you’re serving a couple yet immense amount requesting purchasers, at that point they have the ability to direct you. Michael Porters five powers model gives valuable contribution to SWOT Analysis and is considered as a solid apparatus for industry serious investigation.

Atoms essays

Particles expositions Particles make up everything around us from the air we inhale to nourishment we eat and even the stars in the sky. The normal layman doesn't think a lot about the iota however in this paper I will clarify what and why they are. The word particle originates from the Greek word meaning indissoluble. The idea of the molecule had its establishments in old Greece with Leucippe of Milet. In 420 B.C. his supporter Democrite of Abdere had the idea that iotas were particles in unending movement and were imperceptible as a result of their vastly little size, resolute, strong, unceasing in light of the fact that they are great, encircled by an unfilled space, and having an interminable number of shapes. His hypothesis was uncommonly near the truth, being that it was 420B.C. Today we realize that every iota is comprised of three sections, a proton, a neutron and an electron. These particles consolidate to make mixes. The most fundamental particles are called components and can't be separated anything else than they as of now are. There are at present 118 known components 90 of them happening normally and the other 28 are man made. The components join in a little measure of approaches to make up everything around us. Made in 1869 by Mendeldiev the occasional table of the components is the means by which we diagram these components. Every segment on the intermittent table is classified by the measure of iotas in its components external field. Hydrogen, Lithium, and sodium all being in a similar section on the table have a similar measure of iotas in their external field. Since the electrons in the external field direct the kinds of compound responses that an iota can have, the iotas in a similar segment have a portion of similar properties (synthetic respo nses). We definitely realize that molecules are comprised of three distinct parts (protons, neutrons, and electrons) however how do these particles interface. Well the protons and neutrons (nucleons) are completely gathered in the core of the molecule. Protons are sub-nuclear particles with a positive charge of +1. These particl... <!

Turtle from the Grapes of Wrath Essay - 550 Words

Turtle from the Grapes of Wrath (Essay Sample) Content: Turtle from the Grapes of WrathName:Subject:Date of Submission The Turtle is part of a story from The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck. The story focuses on a turtle that moves around a grassland, which is near a concrete road. It is notable that the movement of the turtle is not unique because the turtle was slow. In fact, the turtle struggled to climb the concrete road that was two inches high. Eventually, the turtle managed to climb the road and started crossing the road not knowing vehicles used the road. The story reached its peak when a forty-year old woman who was driving a sedan swerved her vehicle to avoid hitting the turtle. However, the driver of a light truck swerved his vehicle to hit the turtle, which rolled off the road. Luckily, its heavy shell protected the turtle because it hid its head and legs in the shell. This paper analyzes the setting and characters of the story by arguing that both the setting and characters were important to the plot of the story. It is crucial to highlight that the story is set in a grassland with a highway. The setting is important because it enabled the author to use his characters for developing the plot. As evidence, the grassland enables Steinbeck to place the turtle in the story. It is because using the grassland makes it believable that a turtle was part of the story. Consider the following example; if the story were set in the middle of New York, it would be difficult for readers to understand how a turtle could be crossing a highway in the city. The presence of the highway also enables the writer to develop the plot using drivers to communicate what happened to the turtle. It is particularly because the author uses the highway to place both drivers and the turtle in the story. As aforementioned, the characters were also important in developing the plot. For instance, the turtle is useful because the entire story focuses on this character. This owes to the reality that the turtle enables the author to describe not only the environment, but also its movement. Additionally, the turtle enables Steinbeck to introduce additional characters to the story because the light-truck driver and the sedan driver are mentioned because of the turtle. The drivers were also important in developing the story of the plot because they enabled the author to create tension in the story. As evidence, the fact that the forty-year-old woman swerves her sedan to avoid hitting ...

Mental Illness Dissociative Identity Disorder - 1408 Words

Can someone have more than one personality lingering within them? Is it possible for someone to have missing pieces from their memories because another person within them is taking over at certain periods of time? These are all questions that many psychologists and psychiatrists find themselves asking within the psychology community. This is a topic filled with controversy still to this day. Psychology is a field that has been around for a long time, but we are still discovering new illnesses all the time. One mental illness that is becoming more apparent is dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, but some argue that this illness is not real. To begin to understand what happens within a person with dissociative identity disorder, it is important to first explain what the disorder is exactly. As defined by a forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology book: â€Å"Dissociative identity disorder (DID or multiple personality disorder) repre sents a ‘disruption of identity’ in which ‘two or more distinct personality states’ (also referred to as ‘alters’) occur. Further characteristics include: ‘marked discontinuity in the sense of self and sense of agency, accompanied by related alterations in affect, behavior, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, and/or sensory-motor functioning.’ There may be gaps in recall of every day events, important personal information, and/or traumatic events inconsistent with ‘normal forgetting’†Show MoreRelatedDissociative Identity Disorder ( Multiple Personality )1397 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder can be difficult to diagnosis as mentioned before. However, a scale has been developed to help a professional with their diagnosis of individuals that may suffer from this mental illness. There have been many studies conducted to test the reliability and validity of this scale. The scale is refer red to as The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and was developed to help measure dissociation in individuals. The Dissociative Experiences Scale is a twenty-eight item self-reportRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1040 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a mental illness that is greatly misunderstood, much like many other mental illnesses. Nicholas Spanos, Professor of Psychology, hypothesized Multiple Personality Disorder as a defense against childhood trauma that creates â€Å"dissociation† or a split mental state. The trauma sustained during childhood is so substantial, that the individual creates different identities to cope with itRead MoreCommon Stressor Related Disorders ( Disorder )913 Words   |  4 PagesStressor-related disorders are expressed in many forms throughout different individuals. Common stressor-related disorders are one trauma and stressor-related disorder or anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive or related disorder, or dissociative disorder. One particular stress-related disorder that has caught my attention is dissociative identity disorder. Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by having two or more perso nalities within an individual. Typically, one is dominant and presentRead MoreEssay on Furthering Knowlege of Dissociative Identity Disorder640 Words   |  3 Pagesknowledge on the controversial mental illness identified as Dissociative Identity Disorder, or DID. More commonly known as multiple personality disorder, it has been a mental illness which gained attention from being the main focus in a variety of Hollywood’s films, aside from what has been portrayed in films I have little insight to what this disorder is. â€Å"What is Dissociative Identity Disorder, its causes and how is it clinically diagnosed?† Dissociative Identity Disorder is a target of controversyRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Schizophrenia893 Words   |  4 PagesBlunt, American politician, once said, â€Å"People with mental health problems are almost never dangerous. In fact, they are more likely to be the victims than the perpetrators. At the same time, mental illness has been the common denominator in one act of mass violence after another.† There is a misconception that mental disorders such as dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia are the same. Today’s society often see all mental disorders as one, however, they are very much different. If oneRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Multiple Personality Disorder1399 Words   |  6 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is defined as â€Å"a severe condition in which two or more distinct identities, or personality states, are present in—and alternately t ake control of—an individual†. In 1994, the name of the disorder was changed to reflect a better understanding of the condition. DID is characterized by fragmentation, not by the growth of separate identities. DID is not a new disorder. However, it has been misunderstood forRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Illness With Information1007 Words   |  5 PagesFighting the Stigma of Mental Illness with Information When describing the brain, it can be labeled as many things but not one-dimensional or simplistic. This is an organ that we find hard to understand because, oddly enough, we have a brain that isn’t wired well enough to understand itself. What makes our brain so complex? Is it the billions of neurons or the trillions of synapses that make up all of our mental connections? The three pound mass in your skull is bursting with power. It comes completelyRead MoreThe Secret Window And Dissociative Identity Disorder1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe Secret Window and Dissociative Identity Disorder The Secret Window is a film released in 2004 directed by David Koepp and written by Stephen King. The main issue in this film is one of a psychological basis which keeps the audience on their toes and maybe even slightly confused until all of the pieces fit together at the end of the film. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the psychological issue that plagues the main character, Mort Rainey (portrayed by Johnny Depp), and identify anyRead MoreMental Illness And Its Stigma1363 Words   |  6 PagesMental Illness and Its Stigma â€Å"One in five adults in America experience mental illness,† (Mental Health, n.d., para 1). Many people define mental illness as a characteristic that makes one irrational or delusional and derives a belief that those who have mental disorders are not suffering from a real disease, resulting in a negative view of those who suffer. There are three ways to defy this stigma that everyone, from media producers to the sufferers themselves, must participate in to break downRead MoreAbnormal Psychology : Dissociative Identity Disorder1623 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology: Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder, previously referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a psychological illness that has raised a lot of controversy and led researchers to question its validity. This disorder has been recorded as early as the 1800’s, but has recently been given more attention to by clinical researchers because of its diagnosis rates. The brain is a very complex organ and certain traumas can lead to the occurrence of this illness. Dissociative

Essay about Flash Memory - 1791 Words

Flash Memory PSYCHOLOGY TERM PAPER nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Memory is the main faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. A repressed memory, is one that is retained in the sub conscious mind, in which one is not aware of it but where it can still affect both conscious thoughts, memory, and behavior. When memory is distorted, the result can be referred to what has been called the quot;False Memory Syndromequot;(Thomas Billing Publishing 1995) : a condition in which a persons identity and interpersonal relationships are entered around a memory of traumatic experience which is obviously false but the person strongly believes that it isnt. However, the syndrome is not only characterized by false memories alone. We all†¦show more content†¦Similarly, it is possible the idea, that quot;one was sexually abused might increase the frequency of some physical symptoms, regardless of whether or not the abuse really occurredquot;(Peter Bedricks Publishing 1994). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This view of memory has two elements: (1) the accuracy element and (2) the causal element. The reason why this memory is questionable is not because people dont have unpleasant or painful experiences they would rather forget, nor is it claiming that children often experience both wonderful and brutal things for which they have no right or wrong sense for and are incapable of understanding them, much less relating it to others. It is questionable because, (a) one is having problems of functioning as a healthy human being and (b) one remembers being abused as a child therefore, (A) one was abused as a child and (B) the childhood abuse is the cause of ones adulthood problems. There is no evidence that supports the claim that we remember everything that we experience. In fact, there is plenty of evidence to support the claim that it is impossible for us to even recall to all the elements of any given experience. There is no evidence to support the claim that all memories of experiences happened as theyShow MoreRelatedTechnology Scaling And Research Of Flash Memory And Dram2307 Words   |  10 PagesTechnology Scaling and Research in Flash memory and DRAM Neil Patrick Crasto CWID: 802993881 E-mail: neil.crasto@csu.fullerton.edu Vaibhavi Patrick D’Mello CWID: 893376210 E-mail: vaibhavidmello@csu.fullerton.edu Abstract—As Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and Flash Nonvolatile Memory (NVM) innovations are entering their fourth decade of proceeding with development and advance; challenges in scaling these separate gadgets have surfaced both in handling and scaling. Although researchRead MoreFlash Memory764 Words   |  4 PagesThe CFO of Flash Memory, Inc. prepares the companys investing and financing plans for the next three years. Flash Memory is a small firm that specializes in the design and manufacture of solid state drives (SSDs) and memory modules for the computer and electronics industries. The company invests aggressively in research and development of new products to stay ahead of the competition. Increased working capital requirements force the CFO to consider alternatives for additional financing. In additionRead MoreFlash Memory4983 Words   |  20 PagesCORPORATE FINANCE Case 1: Flash Memory, Inc. Section B1 Group 1A Executive Summary As sales of Flash Memory Inc. (Flash) increases rapidly in the first few months of 2010, additional working capital is required to ensure smooth operations and maintain their current growth rate. However, Flash currently has almost reached its notes payable limit of 70% accounts receivables with its current commercial bank and thus, need to look for various alternative financing means to provide the requiredRead MoreFlash Memory4087 Words   |  17 PagesFlash Memory, Inc. Investment in New Product Line University of Waterloo Prepared for Jim Gray October 11, 2012 TO: FROM: DATE: SUBJECT: Introduction The Board of Directors, Flash Memory Inc. The Finance Team October 11, 2012 Investment in New Product Line Flash Memory Inc. (herein referred to as â€Å"Flash† or the â€Å"firm†) is in the critical stage of planning for future operations and expansion. Competitive pressure, rapid market growth, continuous technological developments and highRead MoreFlash Memory2206 Words   |  9 Pages12 Flash INC. CASE ANALYSIS Comparative Financial Analysis Author Assuming the company does not invest in the new product line; prepare forecasted income statements and balance sheets at year-end 2010, 2011, and 2012. Based on these forecasts, estimate Flashs required external financing: in this case all required external financing takes the form of additional notes payable from its commercial bank, for the same period. Using the assumptions given in the case, all elements of income statementRead MoreFlash Memory2198 Words   |  9 Pages12 Flash INC. CASE ANALYSIS Comparative Financial Analysis Author Assuming the company does not invest in the new product line; prepare forecasted income statements and balance sheets at year-end 2010, 2011, and 2012. Based on these forecasts, estimate Flashs required external financing: in this case all required external financing takes the form of additional notes payable from its commercial bank, for the same period. Using the assumptions given in the case, all elements of income statementRead MoreFlash Memory Inc. Essay4351 Words   |  18 PagesTO: FROM: DATE: SUBJECT: Mr. Hathaway Browne, CFO of Flash Memory Inc. MP.JAW Consultants October 11, 2010 Analysis of the Investment Opportunity and Financing Options ! As your financial consultants, we have conducted a comprehensive analysis of Flash Memory Inc. (FMI)’s current business situation, its new potential investment opportunity, and financing options. Our recommendations are as follows: 1. Pursue the suggested new product line. 2. Seek additional funding through equity financingRead MoreFlash Memory Group 7 Writeup836 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Flash memory Flash memory was founded in late 1990s. The small firm specialized in designing and manufacturing solid state drives and memory modules. Given the facts that products had short life cycles, and technologies changed frequently in the market, the competition was intensive in the industry and product profit margin was low. In order to stay ahead of competition, Flash memory needed to highly invest in RD to create cutting-edge products so that customer’s wants and needs could be met.Read MoreSolution Flash Memory Inc Essay2232 Words   |  9 Pages1. Background of Flash Memory. Inc Flash memory was founded in San Jose, California in the late 1990s. In 2010, there are six individuals held the top management positions, comprised the board of directors, and owned the entire equity in the firm.Flash specialized in the design and manufacture of solid state drives (SSDs)and memory modules which comprised the fastest growing segment in the overall memory industry. SSDS market is huge and intensely competitive which reflects in product offerings,Read MoreThe Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software and Networking1059 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Solid State Drives Garfield Richards CIS 512 The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software Networking Instructor: Dr. Romy Lu 11/17/2014 Solid State Drives Major Benefits The technology behind SSDs is also known as flash memory. It’s becoming more mainstream as prices continue to drop and more organizations are beginning to adopt it in their daily operations. Some of the major benefits that organization are taking into considering in the adoption of SSDs include performance

Behavioral Intentions Of Casual Dining Restaurant †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Behavioral Intentions Of Casual Dining Restaurant. Answer: 1st March to 16th March: Freshness checking of food and ingredients: I first check the freshness of the food items prepared the previous day. While checking the freshness aspect of the food items, I check the attributes of the food like flavor, colour, taste and other typical attributes which the guests would expect from them (Canny 2014). The next stage is checking the ingredients of the food like the basic raw materials which go into the preparation of the food. The main ingredients which are perishable like chicken and also form the basic raw material for most of the food items are have very short shelf life in spite of refrigeration. So, I would ensure that items like these are fresh and are not showing any sign of degeneration (Ramanathan, Di and Ramanathan 2016). Then I would check the vegetative parts of the food items like lettuce which are subject also to degeneration but stay fresh longer than their non-vegetarian counterparts. Then I would check auxiliary food items like mayonnaise, cheese and other ingredients which are added to render taste to the dishes. Proper storage is very important to keep food items (finished products) fresh, intact and consumable for longer time period. This enables the hotels and restaurants reduce their wastes and save costs of ordering supplies frequently. This enables them to consume maximum supply of raw materials and work in progress items to make finished products. This in turn helps the food manufacturing companies generate maximum revenue and reduce costs, thus increasing their financial sustainability (Hair 2015). That is why I check the storage systems on regular basis to ensure that the storage attributes like temperature are also up to the mark. I, on regular basis ensure that the storage area is free from pests like rats which are easily attracted to these areas due to availability of food. I would immediately inform the store manager or any other responsible person if I find any defect in the area (Nitiwanakul 2018). 17th March to 30th March: Receive and store orders from suppliers: I receive orders on regular basis and store the suppliers in appropriate places. For example, the chicken is stored in the refrigerator to prevent degeneration while the spices are stored in appropriate containers to keep them fresh and free from moisture (Ramanathan, Di and Ramanathan 2016). 1st April to 15th April: Inspect suppliers, equipments and work areas for cleanliness and functionality: The following are the steps which I have to do to ensure the two previous steps discussed are achieved: 16th April to 2nd May: Inspect suppliers: Inspection of suppliers is an important duty which I do to ensure that the supplies of raw materials and intermediary goods I receive are of high quality. High quality raw materials and WIP ensure superior food items which meet the expectations of the customers. These food items help the hotel create a niche for itself among the customers which in turn helps it to generate huge revenue and goodwill. The restaurants today in order to retain and expand their consumer bases rely on offering food products from specific regions of the world like Mexican and American dishes. Hence, it is very important for them to acquired special ingredients from specific suppliers to give their dishes authentic tastes. These ingredients lend the authentic tastes and flavours to the offerings (Joyce and Paquin 2016). Thus, it is equally important to inspect and manage suppliers to ensure that they offer the right ingredients of high quality. I inspect the suppliers to ensure that they supply high quality raw materials and ancillary ingredients like exotic spices. I first inspect the stock of raw materials and WIPs available with the restaurant against the estimated numbers of future orders receivable. Then I point out the requirements for materials and communicate it with the store managers. They place orders well ahead of time so that the food preparation can commence smoothly. This ensures that the restaurant orders optimum quantity of materials and thus, is able the continue food preparations smoothly (Hugos 2018). 17th April to 2nd May: Equipments: Inspection of equipments is equally important to ensure preparation of high quality food items as inspection of materials. I inspect the equipments which aid in preparation of food items like the oven, the vegetable washers and the grinders. I ensure that they are in proper state and function efficiently. This ensures proper maintenance of these machineries and timely preparation of food (Hair 2015). 3rd May to 15th May: Work areas for cleanliness and functionality: I inspect the work areas to ensure that they are clean and function smoothly. The work areas include the kitchen, the restaurant floor and the lobby. I ensure that the staffs maintain these places efficiently to ensure superior customer services (Ramanathan, Di and Ramanathan 2016). References: Canny, I.U., 2014. Measuring the mediating role of dining experience attributes on customer satisfaction and its impact on behavioral intentions of casual dining restaurant in Jakarta. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 5(1), p.25. Hair, J.F., 2015. Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Hugos, M.H., 2018. Essentials of supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Joyce, A. and Paquin, R.L., 2016. The triple layered business model canvas: A tool to design more sustainable business models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, pp.1474-1486. Nitiwanakul, W., 2018. A Comparative study of customer perceived value as a driver for fine dining restaurant selection. AU Journal of Management, 12(1), pp.1-13. Ramanathan, R., Di, Y. and Ramanathan, U., 2016. Moderating roles of customer characteristics on the link between service factors and satisfaction in a buffet restaurant. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 23(2), pp.469-486.

The Scarlet Ibis and Sucker Comparison Essay Example For Students

The Scarlet Ibis and Sucker Comparison Essay The short stories The Scarlet Ibis and Sucker are very similar stories to each other. Each story contains similar themes, conflicts, and metaphors in the short stories. The two short stories deal will similar conflicts between characters, themes used by the author, and metaphors to portray each character. These are the reasons why the two short stories share such a close similarity. In the short story Sucker and The Scarlet Ibis the main characters seem to have a constant conflict between each other in the story. For example, in The Scarlet Ibis Doodle and his brother never seem to get along well as they never had a good brother-to-brother relationship. Doodles brother would always be angry because he would have to drag Doodle along with him. He felt that Doodle should do things on his own and be able to do what he would do for Doodle. (Hurst, p. 91) If I so much as picked up my cap, hed start crying to go with me and Mama would call from wherever she was, Take Doodle with you. He was a burden in many ways. We will write a custom essay on The Scarlet Ibis and Sucker Comparison specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Doodle was a pain to his brother and they never seemed to bond well together because of Doodles physical problems and they never were happy with each other. Doodles brother tried to persevere the in capabilities of his brother by having him exercise and try to learn to swim, run, or walk. (Hurst, p. 95) Once I had succeeded in teaching Doodle to walk, I begin to believe in my own infallibility and I prepared a terrific development program for Doodle. I would teach him to run, to swim, to climb trees, and to fight. So we set the deadline for these accomplishments less than a year away, when, it had been decided, Doodle could start to school. Although Doodle and his brother may have thought that they had solved their problem it was only the beginning. In Sucker there was also a friend-to-friend conflict as well but it was over a girl and had caused anger between the two main characters. Sucker and Pete had constant fights over a girl and Pete felt embarrassed almost to have a friend like Sucker who hung around with Pete all the time. Pete would discourage Sucker if the girl, Maybelle, were not pleased with Pete. Pete would say things to Sucker that he did not mean but could never take back. (McCullers, p. 109) Why do you always hang around me? Dont you know when youre not wanted? No you dont know when youre wanted. Youre too dumb. Just like your name- a dumb Sucker. Maybelle would drive Pete to say these horrible things just like Doodles brother being pushed to have Doodle be able to run and swim. Some outside force such as a physical disability or a new girlfriend pushed both of the boys into causing conflict. Themes of each short story were also similar to each other. Each short story used the main theme change. In The Scarlet Ibis Doodle changes because he knows he will die soon after touching the coffin and because he pushed himself so hard he ended up dying. Doodles brother also found out how he regrets for pushing Doodle too hard and for even having the feelings he had for Doodle before he mad him exercise. (Hurst, p. 100) I began to weep and the tear- blurred vision in red before me looked very familiar. Doodle! I screamed above the pounding storm and threw my body to the earth above his. I lay there crying, sheltering my fallen scarlet ibis from the heresy of rain. .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068 , .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068 .postImageUrl , .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068 , .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068:hover , .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068:visited , .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068:active { border:0!important; } .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068:active , .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068 .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf6d1dc756f4933ef1b1cbc18ebc8a068:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Human Nature Consists Of Three Basic Components. These Are To Live, To Essay The changes that occurred in Sucker were the relationship between Pete and Sucker after Maybelle became Petes boyfriend and the way Pete feels at the end of the story showing how he regrets ever saying those things to Sucker. Pete is so shaken that he feels Sucker would kill him if he had the opportunity. (McCullers, p. 111) More than anything I want to ease my mind again. And I miss the way Sucker and I were for a while in a funny, sad way that before this I never would .

Words, Our Strength Our Weaknesses Essays - Arabic, Free Essays

Words, Our Strength Our Weaknesses Essays - Arabic, Free Essays Words, Our Strength Our Weaknesses Words are considered to be a mysterious mean of communication in our everyday life. Powers of well-chosen words have the power to inform, influence, educate and entertain others. Words can evoke rich images of inner and outer emotions through different ways of communication. Their powers are expressed effectively and emotionally in stories, poems, essays, artworks etc. Words are the most powerful drug used by mankind. Words are what we use to express our self, our thoughts , and our feelings. We use words in every walk of our lives , and hence the power of words is immense and powerful. The impact of words on different people varies because i t depends on their understanding, and in what manner they conceive it. In general, when people want to communicate and express them selves, they use words, the most powerful drug. Words can influence us in many ways such as in making us happy, sad, emotional etc . and have impact on us in many ways such as influencing and changing lives. No one has ever wondered why the words a teacher uses can make a huge difference in a student's future? If a teacher chooses to tell a student the wrong words for example ; are you an idiot , have you ever been to school , it could discourage a student and stop them from "giving it their all". If that happens, the student may never continue on the path they had once set out to take, like going to college or getting a good job to earn a living. However, if a teacher chooses the right words to tell a student for example ; you are a smart student you can do it , it could instead encourage them to do their best, make goals, and work toward a brighter future . The third reason why words have a great power is my personal experience. When I came back to Bahrain I didn't know how to read and write in Arabic. I applied to St.Christopher S chool they didn't accept me because my Arabic was not up to level. When I joined Naseem School Ms . Inas our Arabic teacher she used to encourage me always , and used to tell me that I am smart kid. Her way of talking a ffected me a lot , I moved from ASL to Advance level because her word s had great power on me. So on when I reach ed grade 7 Ms. Hanan had a great effect on me when she encourage d me to gi ve a speech in Arabic. I won in the speech competition. In conclusion, words can make a huge difference in people's lives. Whether you are in the classroom or interacting with other people, you should always be careful and choose your words wisely, because you never know what kind of an impact it could make. Words have power, words are power, words could be your power. -Mohammed Qahtani

Berlin Art and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Berlin Art and Culture - Essay Example Baroque style and art forms can be understood by going through its historical context. The first modern age began in the 17th century. In the early 17th century, the Catholic Church of Rome in Italy adopted Counter-Reformation style. Later it spread to all the Roman Catholic countries throughout all the countries of Europe. Baroque is considered as an era of artistic style, which made the most use of the motion, exaggerated, and drama was produced with the clear and easy to interpreted details. Paintings, sculptures, architecture, literature, dance and music were given rise in this era. The catholic Churches helped in promoting the Baroque style as they decided that the art should be connected to the religious themes. In this era, there can be seen a drastic change in the architecture and art. The Baroque art’s characteristics consist of a sense of movement, tension and energy (Norberg-Schulz 19). The International Style in architecture emerged in Baroque period. In the Baroqu e period the artists attempted to rid the art of its complications as they brought the principles of clarity, balance and monumentality in the art forms by avoiding the asymmetry and distortion trends. The artists such as Annibale Carracci and Michelangelo Merisi took the art forms towards simplification. The Baroque approach always exhibited the dramatic intensity, massiveness, theatrical adventure and combination of colors. The new form included the art, integrating literature, music, drama and paintings, etc.

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

Research Proposal Example This sentiment is supported by Van Belle (2000) who argues that political figures within a government structure are pressured to make socially-relevant decisions within the constant presence of the camera, hence media serving as a force to drive political transparency in decision-making and communications. Without media serving as a medium for educating political thought and providing society members with knowledge regarding the behaviors of political representatives, the public would have inferior knowledge about governance activities and political decision-making. In the early 2000s, after the events of September 11, 2001, political ideology in American society changed as a result of media coverage of the George W. Bush political administration and its efforts to curb the spread of terrorism in the United States. In Western nations, such as the United States, the slaughter of civilians is believed, at the social level, to be barbaric and monstrous (Atawneh, 2009). The acting President Bush led a media-driven campaign to publicize his stance on terrorism which emphasized that these terrorist actors were evil and reprehensible, with this discourse influencing American society members to view Middle Easterns as malevolent and immoral (Graham, Keenan & Dowd, 2004). The President, using media as a forum to spread this politically-motivated ideology, utilized the phrase us versus them, where â€Å"us† was representative of peaceful individuals and â€Å"them† as foreign opponents of democratic lifestyle and peace-loving society (Leuda r & Marsland, 2004). Media coverage of Bush’s ideology toward terrorism influenced American society to adopt his political views related to the terror campaign, giving Bush more social clout which ultimately led to society’s political action to elect Bush for a second term. The media, hence, served as the fundamental influence to change political thought of American citizens, with media-covered political rhetoric

Teaching and Learning Support Essay Example for Free

Teaching and Learning Support Essay Know the structure of education from early years to post-compulsory education. 1.1 Summarise entitlement and provision for early years education. It is the entitlement of each child between 3 and 4 years to receive free part time early years education. The government (in this case Cheshire East) ensures that all children receive 2 free years of education before reaching school age. Early years provisions in schools is about making sure children learn through play rather than through formal education for example in a classroom. However it is to follow the EYFS curriculum until the end of their early years education. 1.2 Explain the characteristics of different types of schools in relation to educational stages and school governance. There are 4 types of school in the UK which all follow the national curriculum which are: Community schools which are run and owned by the local authority and as such will provide support through creating links with the community and providing support services as well as making use of school facilities for example adult learning. Voluntary schools which can either be voluntary aided or voluntary controlled. Voluntary aided schools and run by religious bodies and governed by them. Whereas voluntary controlled schools are funded by the local authority which employs staff but both are usually owned by a charitable organisation. Foundation and trust schools are run and owned by their own governing body but consult with the local education authority. Trust schools will often partner up with a local business which they buy into but gain continued support from said business. Specialist schools are secondary schools with specialist status and through successfully doing so will receive additional funding. Additionally there are now Academies which have usually been set up by sponsors but are now able to do so through community support. The have close links with the local education authority and have more freedom. 1.3 Explain the post-16 options for young people and adults. There are many Post-16 options for young people to undertake and the government guarantees that by the time they leave compulsory education they will have moved to one of these options. Either fulltime or part time education at a college or sixth form. An apprenticeship which includes a job or work placement. Entry to employment or employment with training such as an NVQ level 2.

The Post-Soviet Reemergence of the Russian Empire Essay -- essays rese

The 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union signified an end to Russia’s control over its Middle Eastern Empire. Many of its states seceded and founded new nations and Russia lost significant power over the region. The new Russian Federation, in an effort to reestablish Soviet supremacy, has launched a neo-imperialistic campaign to once again have political, economic and security control over the area today known as the Caucasus. Principally, Russia wants to have political control over the area consisting of the lands of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Georgia and Chechnya as well as the Caspian Sea. Furthermore, it is an objective to reap profit from this resource-rich area to stabilize Russia’s economy. Additionally, Russia wants to ensure the security of its power in the Middle East. In order to achieve these motives the Russian Government has used various strategies involving political legerdemain, economic exaction and military operations. After years of weakness following the breakdown of the Soviet Socialist government, Russia has once again sought to expand its empire over all of its successor states. The Russian government has used various tactics to assert power over the Caspian region as well as to achieve its political motives. Russia’s position in the economic sphere has been a valuable strategy to obtain political ends. â€Å"Moscow’s main lever of power, then as now, was its pipeline system, a remnant of the centralized Soviet economy in which all oil and natural gas from the Caspian first traversed Russia before passing on to the West.† (LeVinne, 1999) Russia’s control over this pipeline has meant that it has direct control over the Caspian nation’s resources and can use this to their advantage. One such example was... ...influence within the space of the former Soviet Union a determining aspect in the future of Russian statehood. The entities surrounding the Caspian Sea are also the focus of many vital economic prospects which would contribute to Russia’s hegemony over the Southern Tier region. In a textbook example of neo-imperialism Russia has covered all its bases included the impending threat of enemies resulting from Moscow’s political and economic exploitation. Russia has proved that it will use any means possible such as military conquest and political and economic hegemony to its advantage to extend its control over the territory, political systems and economic profits of the nations forming the Caucasus. The Russian government has certainly demonstrated its resurgent imperial ability and resolute determination to ultimately see the reemergence of a powerful Russian empire.

Reading Schedule

Week 1 Tuesday 01/15 Introduction/Syllabus/ â€Å"Where I’m From† poem Thursday 01/17 Read â€Å"Brainology† by Carol Dweck Week 2 Tuesday 01/22 Read â€Å"Ain’t I a Woman† and â€Å"The Men We Carry In Our Minds† Thursday 01/24 Active Reading and Analysis Standards (posted on Blackboard under writing and reading tools) Week 3 Tuesday 01/29 Read â€Å"Narration† in Patterns; Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 1-3 Thursday 01/31 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 4-5 Week 4 Tuesday 02/5 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 6-7 Thursday 02/7 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 8Week 5 Tuesday 02/12 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 9-11 Thursday 02/14 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 12 Week 6 Tuesday 02/19 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 13-14; Read I Love Yous Are for White People Epilogue, â€Å"About the book† and â€Å"Read on† Thursday 02/21 Read â€Å"Descriptionâ €  in Patterns page 143-148; Read â€Å"Exemplification† in Patterns page 199-201; Read â€Å"Process† in Patterns page 199-201 Week 7 Tuesday 02/26 Read â€Å"Cause and Effect† † in Patterns page 321-326; Read The Kite Runner pages 1-47 Thursday 02/28 Read The Kite Runner pages 48-58 Week 8Tuesday 03/05 Read â€Å"Comparison and Contrast† in Patterns page 383-384; Read The Kite Runner pages 59-100 Thursday 03/07 The Kite Runner pages 101-124 Week 9 Tuesday 03/12 Read Classification and Division in Patterns pages 447-448 The Kite Runner pages 125-189 Thursday 03/14 The Kite Runner pages 190-223 Week 10 Tuesday 03/19 Read â€Å"Definition† in Patterns page 505-506; The Kite Runner pages 224-272 Thursday 03/21 The Kite Runner pages 273-292 Week 11 SPRING BREAK Tuesday 03/26 No Class Thursday 03/28 No Class Week 12 Tuesday 04/02 The Kite Runner pages 293-371 Thursday 04/04 Read â€Å"Argumentation† in Patterns page 547-548 Week 13Tuesd ay 04/09 Read â€Å"Combining The Patterns† in Patterns page 705-706 Thursday 04/11 Read Scholarly Source Week 14 Tuesday 04/16 Read â€Å"Using Research in Your Writing† page 757-766 Thursday 04/18 Read â€Å"Using Research in Your Writing† page 766-782 Week 15 Tuesday 04/23 Read Scholarly Source Thursday 04/25 Read Scholarly Source Week 16 Tuesday 04/30 Read Scholarly Source Thursday 05/02 Read Scholarly Source Week 17 Tuesday 05/07 Read Scholarly Source Thursday05/09 Read Scholarly Source Week 18 Tuesday 05/14 Read Scholarly Source Thursday 05/16 Read Scholarly Source Week 19 Finals Week Tuesday 05/21 Final Exam

A Midsummer Night s Dream - 1094 Words

Jeana Jago Theater History J. Robideau October,1st 2015 A Midsummer Night’s Dream In a Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare story about romantic desire. Theseus and Hippolyta, are about to be married; both of them are wonderful figures from classical mythology. (Greek Mythology) Theseus is a great warrior, a kinsman of Hercules; Hippolyta is an Amazon warrior-woman, defeated in battle by Theseus. (Theseus and Hippolyta) He was longing for the wedding day, and this is what opens the play and closing the play with their exit marriage bed. (Theseus and Hippolyta). Within the world of Athens, two young men and two young woman. They sort themselves out into marriageable couples, but only after one triangle, with Hermia ate the peak, and†¦show more content†¦Bottom came into the woods with his companions to rehearse a play for Theseus and Hippolyta wedding. Bottom was turned into a donkey by Oberon’s companion Puck.(Sky minds) The love experience of Titania and Bottom is playing out of power, so that when the drops of magic have hit Titania eyes, when she wakes up she will fall in love with the first person that she sees, which ends up being Bottom. Finally, there is the tragic love story of â€Å"Pyramus and Thisbe,† that was written and staged by Bottom and his working companions. In this story love leads to suicide. (Sky minds) In this story there are two different worlds, Athens and the magical forest more known as the woods. Athens is where the story is set, the wood are what I like to call the farrie world. The wood is what is surrounding Athens. Athens is the real world where, they had a civilized government, because they had certain laws that you had to abide by. The woman didn’t have much control most of the woman stayed at home. Woman also didn’t always marry the man that they have fallen in love with. This is because Theseus had a say in who everyone married. (Athens) They had social classes, from who had money and who didn’t. Athenian society was broken into four main social classes - slaves, metics (non-citizen freepersons), women, and citizens, but within each of these broad classes were several sub-classes. (Social classes) The forest is a place for fun. To me it’s a place of power,

Customer service and customer retention in fast food industry in karachi - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 29 Words: 8790 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This study investigates the relationship between dining attributes, customer satisfaction and customers retention in the fast food industry. In short this research paper is to describe analyze why customers come back to the same restaurant when there are several options available to them. What influence their decisions? This research has brought out how to gain customer retention to the services and the factors that influence the customer retention. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Customer service and customer retention in fast food industry in karachi" essay for you Create order For this research qualitative approach is used. Data collection method is questionnaire and interviews to clarify what is their real mean of filling the options; sample size of 100 consumers from different fast food restaurant has been taken randomly on the basis of convenience sampling. Results obtained from the statistical analysis corroborate using the optimal regression as a statistical tool which shows that research can be used by marketers especially by the managers of the restaurants for better understanding, and assessing what influences customer how they behave and why they come back to the restaurant. Managers can also use our findings to increase the retention rates by adjusting relevant service elements of the restaurants. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Eating is observably a daily action and necessity for all human beings. Depending on individuals reason for eating at restaurants, individual intentionally or instinctively assess a multifarious set of attributes ahead of choosing a restaurant. The significance involved to these restaurant attributes is ultimately evaluated in the customers mind, leading to a decision of purchasing. Some factors, like age, company and even social division come into take part in to amplify these attributes as the customer makes a decision of dining (Johnson and Champaner, 2004). The restaurant industry has undoubtedly not been free from either augmented competition or from increasing customer expectations regarding quality. In the greatly competitive food industry, large operators chain have a propensity to gain competitive gain in the course of cost leadership, likely only due to standardization and economies of scale beginning from large market shares, while smaller, independent restaurants on the other hand endeavor to gain benefit through differentiation (Lowenstein, 1995). Branding keeps on gaining importance in the marketing of restaurants services and marketers have spent lot of money to create and give support to brand images. This have seen in the marketing of strong and well defined brands like Mc Donalds and Kfc fast food restaurants which attracts the customer through their marketing , service and by making brand loyal customers of their products. This increases the retention rate due to satisfied and loyal customer. Particularly, there is lot more to discern about customers perceive restaurant brands and the comparative weight these links get during purchase decision as there is lot more to discern about customers perceive restaurant brands and the comparative weight these links get during purchase decision. According to the Kaplan and Norton (2001) the importance of the perceived quality in order to get the retention effect in restaurant industry is always considered as a main element to retain in the customers and the business. The main reaso n behind that in this industry entry barrier are usually low and any one can easily enter due to investment required that is not on the higher side. So the point is that when ever consumer is satisfy from the arrangement by the management, the quality of the food provided by the staff members with the positive attitude than this result in increasing the loyalty towards the particular restaurant and increases the retention intensions of the customers. 1.2 Purpose of the study The purpose of study fold in two parts: one suggests that how important is dining attributes in term of Re-patronage intentions and second part suggest the customer satisfaction which leads Re-patronage intentions in restaurants. The role of dining attributes and customer satisfaction is very important for knowing the customer intentions, would they will visit to that restaurants again or not. There has been a strong support for the espousal of consumer retention in restaurants as one of the key performance indicators. It has found that there is a high association between customer retention and the profit earn by the industries. The fragmentation of media choices and the active nature of the marketplace, tied with an enlarged number of additional demanding and prosperous consumers, brought bigger challenges to marketing practitioners in keeping hold of their regular customers. Customer satisfaction is regularly used as a sign of whether customers will come back to a restaurant that shows the customer retention. Whereas there is no agreement of a satisfied customers repeat visit, it is nearly certain that a not satisfied customer will not return. The majority of the preceding customer satisfaction researches are mentioned in the literature that has pay attention on recognizing the resource of customer contentment such as characteristic and attributes and on determining useful ways to establish consumers desires, wants and needs. On the other hand, significant dissimilarity comes out in the level of specify of the characteristic investigated. 1.3 Research Objectives To identify the process to gain customer retention to the services and what are the factors that influence the customer retention. The primary problem is to identify the customer retention in the detail that includes factors of dining attributes and customer satisfaction in context to food restaurant industry. Thus these factors leads to consumer behavior and customer revisit the restaurant. 1.4 Research Methodology This study find out the relationship between dining attributes, customer satisfaction and customers Re patronage intentions and this execute particularly in restaurant industry, how customers decide to revisit the restaurant and what are those factors which influences the customer for returning back to restaurants again and again. To find these reasons we used quantitative approach for this research. The constructed instrument was pre-tested, where 5 to 6 sample questionnaire to be filled, to know if there are any problem with the instrument and therefore it was simple to understand and figure out the questions or not. Through pre-testing it was found that all respondents felt at ease in responding and instrument was interested to them. Instrument:All the information is collected through a questionnaire containing closed ended, structured and unstructured questions. This method was chosen primarily due to ease in handling and recording information. Procedure:The research study is conducted to examine the outcomes and responses of our sample targeted (Local Industry) in order to conclude the impact of customer service on customer retention. Sample size: 100 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Literature review Whether human live to eat or eat to live, food always plays a fundamental role in the lives of human being. The significance of foodstuff cannot be overstated from the physiological viewpoint; food gives us sustenance; while on the other hand from a psychological point of view food is classified as a basic need. Food can also characterize a product used to describe self-actualization. Therefore, individual can quarrel that above and beyond provided that nourishment food plays a variety of roles together at individual and group level. Edifice brands have become a key focus of restaurant managers. Furthermore, restaurant managers are relating brand management theories and practices which have done so far, and lots of restaurants are redesigning their business missions to imitate branding orientation rather than they go for product orientation. There is also an influence of brand recall on consumers intensions in choosing a restaurant for dining due to the different discount offers through different mediums of advertising that mostly include the below the line activities that makes restaurants brands that diminish the perceived risk of pay for the food and also indicate the quality of the product that creates their willingness to make wider positive word of mouth, recommendations, and complaint intention (Lowenstein, 1995) In our research we find that since the last few years the trend of dinning out and fast food restaurants has been increasing with the increasing rate. Now you will find (at least one) fast food restaurant in every society, whether it is high profile or low profile people society. The culture has always significant impact on the societys emerging trends. It is also observed though people dont consider fast food a healthy meal, yet they go for it over again. Due to availability of too many options to the customers, their behavior is more towards variety seeking instead of going for one meal second time. Especially the Pakistani youth seems that they are fond of entertainment and they find only fast food restaurants the best to be visited whenever they go for entertainment (Syed Kamran, 2010) The food industry is highly aggressive and customers have also become more demanding due to sufficient knowledge and information they have about the different trends in restaurant industry which causes increase the significance of effective marketing strategies to get the competitive advantage in order to understand the wants and needs of the customers (Bateson and Hoffman, 1999) Numerous Fast Food restaurants are paying attention in studying, assessing and implementing the marketing strategies with the aim of gaining maximum market share of customers and improving customer retention in analysis of the advantageous effects on the monetary performance for the organization. Customer satisfaction, contentment, quality of the service, excellence and retention are global matter that influences all organizations. This increases in the restaurant business revenue as well and this increases the word of mouth publicity (Almanza and Jaffe, 1994). Evaluating quality awareness and price elasticity related to quality, suggested that buyers are generally steady in their evaluations of quality. The results of their study showed that there was a strong association between a products attributes and the quality perceptions of the customers. It was found that tangible quality has a bigger circumlocutory effect than the straight effect indicates from a theoretical point of view; affect was a fractional mediator, facilitating the association among tangible quality and behavior. The consequences of well-situated parking must not be the lost upon restaurant management. Often the cost of attaining parking near to a restaurant is sighted as a non-revenue generating expenditure. This specifies the value of given that well-located parking along with the direct consequence it has on consumer intentions to patronize a restaurant (Lasser and Winsor, 2000). In customers mind when there is no defect in the overall dining service, then they consider the quality of the food is good enough for them (Bitner, 1992). Quality is all about eliminating internal failures that means all shortcomings before the product leaves from the factory and the external failures are the defects after usage of the product (Eileen and Berry, 2007). In Early research and study efforts in measuring and defining quality were mainly centered in the tangible goods, whereas the apparently more complicated services products was ignored. Products quality was conventionally correlated to the technical stipulation of products, with the most description of quality coming up from the manufacturing goods sector where excellence and quality control has inward drawn out awareness and research. Quantifying service quality is a difficult task because the idea of service quality is intrinsically insubstantial in nature and complicated to define (Kincaid, 2009) Branding and its orientation have been wicker strongly into the contemporary act of consumption in restaurants. Undeniably, the previous century will be considered as the century of brands in marketing (Johnson and Champaner, 2004) Researchers have acknowledged customer satisfaction, service quality and the loyalty to be similarly important for marketers, because they are responsible for determining dining satisfaction, and they must know the important of dining that must position restaurant functions competitively in the current and future marketplace (Kaplan and Norton, 2001). Customer satisfaction and the quality of food have long been acknowledged as a essential function for success and endurance in competitive marketplace that have been connected to consumer behavioral intentions as purchase and loyalty intention, their willingness to widen positive word of mouth, recommendation, and complaint intention (Olsen, 2002). Purchase behavior of the consumer in restaurants can be pretentious by the surroundings in different ways. Researcher consider atmosphere, which is an attention-building medium that can make restaurant inkling. The centre of attention is based on the collective possessions of those clues on customers idiosyncratic through design, sound, motion, and color. Customers are delimited by true rock and roll memorabilia (Supphellen 2000). The indication of Service in selecting by means of restaurant services, customers frequently act like detectives as they investigate for information and standardize their opinions into a set of mind-set regarding the resultant service. For example, the whole thing about the dining attributes of a restaurant or caf starts from the dining table potential communicate to the customers, with the table top used, if practical sign concern the technical excellence of the service, mainly concerning to whether the service is carry out proficiently. The research also highlighted that customers who pay for high quality foodstuffs also had a low acceptance for deviations from predictable quality. In the Fast food restaurant perspective, this entails that customers who want superior dining quality are more sensitive to quality fluctuations and possibly will be less price sensitive but, for example in relation to the relative higher pricing of the menu items and marketing strategies that put together the quality image of the restaurant, ambience and service. The concept of service quality comprises the tangible and intangible fundamentals most essential to consumers. Service quality has been related to customer satisfaction, contentment and loyalty as well as the business performance, success and profitability (Raajpoot, 2002) Fundamentals such as surface and texture, smell, color, sound, and texture inducing intuitive reactions in restaurant atmosphere that persuades purchase likelihood known as the mechanical clues (Eileen and Berry, 2007) Food and drink quality is an imperative dining attributes to diners representing restaurant management should certify an aggressive quality control agenda is in place to make sure food and drink quality must maintained The convenience of location includes the parking space, seating availability in the restaurant; the nearness to roof-tops like peoples residence, hotels, and motels is significant for the accomplishment of restaurants all through the dinner mealtime duration. The significance of the physical excellence raise of foodstuff and service and convenience to restaurant administration is to facilitate these constructs that have an affirmative association with influence which is completely linked with customer intentions to retention a restaurant. The objective of most restaurants is to obtain and maintain customers; restaurant administration organized with the information get that will be better prepared to accomplish their aim. There is a intense deficient in understanding about dining satisfaction and pleasure and post-dining behavioral intentions in the customer literature reviewed studied so far away, and up till now, according to the literature allude to, aspects concerning to customer satisfaction and return customer are elementary when put together business and marketing strategies of the organization. Professed service quality may perhaps be improved if customers are support with the mauve list and bill of fare and if a worker responds suitably to a customers asked for quick service. Customer always feel admire and important if they get the best service and respect from the overall management of the restaurant specially from the behavior of the front line staff that increases the comfort level of customers and at the same time makes them brand loyal to that particular restaurant. The impacts of customer satisfaction on customer retention are bringing into being to be momentous and positive. Specially, the customer satisfaction will influence the re customer retention intentions (Reece, 1999) Customer satisfaction is vital to the restaurant management for the reason that it is normally assumed to be a noteworthy determinant of replicate sales, customer loyalty and affirmative word of mouth. The more pleased the customers, the larger are their retention. Another attention-grabbing finding was that a products higher volume rate like for instance, fast food restaurants resulted in a lower sensitivity side to quality. This shows that management of restaurants must segment the market based on the food usage rate includes the repeat purchase of the particular item and quality preferred (Jochen and Rachel, 2000). The previous research shows the effect of physical quality construct on behavioral intentions for restaurant consumer and finds that influence is a strong moderator between tangible quality constructs and behavioral intentions when cognition affect actions archetype is applied to the restaurant location. One more factor for the customer retention which really brings customers back is that the customer likes to have a positive attitude of employee throughout the dining as a support for the disputation that employee approach is strongly linked with customer satisfaction. Ease and the location of the restaurant is also considerable and also the other factor influence customers to select that particular restaurant which satisfy their needs and wants regarding quality of the food and the restaurant environment. This leads in the increase of the retention rate and the loyalty of the customers towards that restaurant diners have an effect on restaurant (Bateson and Hoffman, 1999) It is suggested that commonly and normally used indicators of customer satisfaction comprise repeat customer behavior, brand loyalty and reliability and at last word of mouth recommendation (Lowenstein, 1995) In case of large restaurants franchised group, this kind of relative study and positioning might be important. Besides, while the performance of anyone of the outlet can impinge on the reputation of a whole network, identifying and recuperating those outlets that have a delicate association in the series can be vital. Valuable curriculum in marketing, human resource and man oeuvre be capable also be learnt as of those outlets where service exceeds or meets expectations of the customers (Kuo and Kao, 1999). The one of the fact is that business like restaurants is considered as a low credibility service and that is one of the reason that quality of the services are complicated to prove until consumers revisit the restaurant. Furthermore, the service quality that customers come across may be dissimilar apiece time they visit that particular restaurant, thus persuading the level of contentment and ultimately upsetting their retention intentions. There may possibly be a countervailing competitive consequence to enhance in product differentiation. Revelation of restaurant sanitation grades may serve up to decrease search costs for customers. Positive completion always ends in setting new ideas and innovation in the mind of the management of the management that makes them superior and differentiated in the industry in between the existing market players (Kaplan and Norton, 2001) Both service value and customer retention is extensively acknowledged as practices of repurchase intentions. Though, it is understood that restaurant possessor would like to identify the strongest influence on retention intentions. A recent study divulges that customer satisfaction is the better predictor of intention comparing to service quality to repurchase. Increasing trend in retention is always due to service quality which is provided by the management to the customers and at the same time customer should be satisfied. Any of the factor missing may cause the decrease in loyalty of the customer towards that particular restaurant and customers are unwilling to re-visit for dining to the same restaurant. In researches, results found that managing for most select customer satisfaction necessitates so as to satisfaction statistics be used in previous researches advise implement the positioning strategies with the intention of helping a business whittle a niche. Each restaurant has its own strategies to get the competitive edge in the market. Such information is able to facilitate to modify the restaurant service so that it congregates the desires of the target market segment. Supporting a firms competitive benefit and enduring productivity and profitability possibly will better rely on the incorporation of customer satisfaction into the service organizations strategies and operations that helps the restaurant management to look their positions in the long run completion in the industry (Olsen, 2002) In some countries like Germany, there is a system of Grade cards according to the quality differentiation in restaurants what decrease the expenditure of learning whether an individual restaurant has high-quality hygiene, and possibly will give confidence to customers to go to restaurants they want or else would not have. This may perhaps encourage competition among restaurants, by making customers not as much of incarcerated to any particular restaurants providing inducement for lesser prices, improved food quality, or better hygiene quality food provided and if this result is there, still amongst restaurants with the identical sanitation quality ranking, compulsory revelation may cause lesser prices or enhanced food quality (Johnson and Champaner, 2004). In Chinese and French restaurants, customer view of service quality by the side of all proportions drop short of customers expectations, even though an evaluation of the unprejudiced quality scores shows that the French restaurant is nearer to summiting the prospect of its consumers along all extent of service quality than in the Chinese business. It is evident that compassion and consistency are the two extents which plunge the largest part of below customer prospect inside the French restaurant As a meaning- generating medium, the environment gives discriminative motivation to buyers that facilitate them to identify a restaurants divergences as a source for select that restaurant. For instance, snowy white linen tablecloths, the soft lighting, and crystal chandeliers of a chic restaurant communicate the level of service and a kind of food to customers that create a fine-dining experience (Palmer and Neill, 2003). 3. FAST FOOD INDUSTRY 3.1 Introduction Fast foodis one of the worlds largest growing food types which are growing with an increasing rate. The term Fast Food refers to many items that can be prepared and served quickly usually outside the home. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store which is rapidly prepared and served to the customer in a packaged form to dine out, take out or take away. A typical fast food meal in the United States generally consists of fries, a burger and a soft drink. 3.2 Customer Preferences People pick fast foods because its easy. They could just go to McDonalds, Mr. Burger or KFC and order a burger or sandwich with fries and soft drink, rather than spending hours in the kitchen for cooking food. Another reason would be if they work for long hours, while they come back to home, they could just stop at the drive through and order something to eat. Through this they can save their time to get rest. When an individual is rushing for next appointment after lunch or work, it is more convenient to pack fast food. 3.3 Significance of Service Elements We believe that customer service elements have huge impact on customer retention. Many researchers have closely analyzed all the service elements of several service providers. But in our research we have tried to cover and analyze all the service elements of Karachis famous multinational and local restaurants. 7 ps of service marketing elements Restaurant service elements associated with 7 ps of service marketing model Product Food Price Odd pricing offers Place Outlets Promotion Deals discounts offers People Friendly helpful staff Physical Identity Atmosphere (interior, music) Process Payment process Easy table reservation process Easy fast order taking process Researchers urge all service providers to pay attention towards all of the above service elements in order to improve and enhance the level of service quality.Poor service quality leads to switching intentions of the customer. To satisfy customer the restaurants service elements should be more competent or should have an edge over competitors. 3.4 Brand Perception When customers think or hear about any product or restaurant they start building perception about the brand. Sometimes it is based on observation or may be on the pat experience whether it is negative or positive. Most common methods of forming perception about brand are Past experience Interaction with sales staff or employees Word of mouth (colleagues or friends) Advertising Reviews by reputable sources Some researchers call brand image and brand perception are the two sides of a coin; brand image is how company want you to see them where as brand perception means how you see to the company. In our research we believe that in Karachi people are very brand consciouses the impact of brand over people is very huge and their replies to our questions were little biased. 3.5 Strategies for Retention In this chapter some theories are presented in the context of customer retention which was not discussed in the previous part, because these cannot be analyzed within our practical research. These studies are important part of the customers retention problem and can be used for advance researches. n this chapter some theories are presented in the context of customer retention which was not discussed in the previous part, because these cannot be analyzed within our practical research. These studies are important part of the customers retention problem and can be used for advance researches. The research of Fruchter and Zhang (2004) examine strategic use of targeted promotion for gaining and retention of customers. Authors stress that selection of strategy: defensive targeted promotions for retention and repulsive promotions for acquisition depend on market share of a company. Fruchter and Zhang 2004 highlighted that for companies with larger marketplace share offense promotions targeted on learning generate little knock on gross sales than defensive promotions. Therefore, researchers state that if market share of firm increases it should spend more on customer retention; if market share of firm decreases it should spend more on customer acquisition. This research highlights when marketers should put emphasize on retention or acquisition but it does not provide keeping increase strategies and reasons for keeping. (Fruchter and Zhang, 2004) Hogan, Lemon and Libai (2003) discuss changes of the customers value during the product life cycle. Authors stress the value of retained customer and impact of the lost customer on companys ability (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2003). Kumar (1999) highlights that relationship oriented service firms have higher level of trust and more repeated service encounters with their clients, therefore, such firms get higher level of ability and lower expenses over time. Desai and Mahajan (1998)argue that feeling based attitudes appeal to fillings wishes emotions etc. can takings component in a strategic part in small indefinite amount brands to obtain develop and retain customers. 4. CUSTOMER SERVICE AND CUSTOMER RETENTION 4.1 Introduction For more than last couple of decades customer satisfaction is extensively discussed subject in different research areas like consumer behavior and marketing research. Since the mid-1970s many annual conferences on customer satisfaction were held, with proceedings being published since 1981 in the Journal of Customer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Complaining Behavior. During the past couple of decades more than 1300 articles have been published to discuss and understand customer satisfaction. In recent era, customer satisfaction has gained new attention. Now it has been shifted from transactional marketing to relationship marketing , which refers to all marketing activities directed towards establishing, developing, and maintaining successful relational exchange (Morgan Hunt, 1994, p 22). The key to retention is satisfaction of the customer and it has been treated as the necessary premise in many publications and research articles. The link between satisfaction and the long-term retention of customers is developed by scholars and marketing practitioners in a rather categorical way, and is therefore treated as the starting point, rather than the core question of the analysis. The assumption that satisfaction/dissatisfaction meaningfully affect on repurchase behavior underlies most of the study in this area of inquiry. Consequently, only a few researchers have investigated the nature and to which degree the relationship between satisfaction and retention exist. The number of studies in this area can be classified into three groups. Most of the researchers use monetary data as dependent variables, such as revenues or profit. In this procedure the investigation of the satisfaction-retention relation considerably limited for two reasons. First, the aggregation of data renders any analysis on the individual customer level impossible. Second, revenues and prot are determined by a large amount of variables, which in addition are highly correlated. Therefore, a suitable assessment of the relationship investigated here seems barely accomplishable with this research design. A second group of studies on an individual level utilizes repurchase intentions of customers to investigate the link between satisfaction and retention (Bitner, 1990; Oliver, 1980; Oliver Bearden, 1985; Oliver Swan, 1989). This approach is also accompanied by two main limitations. Because satisfaction values and intention measures are usually obtained through the same questionn aire, the data are inherently correlated. This may lead to an overestimation of the strength of the relationship. Furthermore, previous research in the area of customer loyalty shows that the predictive validity of intention measures varies depending on the product, the measurement scale, the time frame, and the nature of the respondents (Bolton, 1995, p. 2; see also Morwitz Schmittlein, 1992) and, altogether, must be seen as rather low (LaBarbera Mazursky, 1983; Oliva, Oliver, MacMillan, 1992). Closely related to the problem of intention measures is the usage of other inadequate operationalizations. 4.2 Importance of Service Quality A restaurant service engages a route or a performance in which customers are involved in the overall service production process. This happens due to the interaction of the consumers with the service surroundings and personnel throughout the utilization experience, understanding consumers sentimental response become vital in replicating satisfaction in a service locale. Study indicated that the affective processes throughout the consumption phase might play a straight, unmediated role in determining customer retention. A study of the basics or attributes of customer satisfaction be supposed to give indication concerning what action a restaurant service manager must take to raise the probability that customers will appear back. It appears that study is not often concluded that the remarkable rate of malfunction in the restaurant service industry advices that the management can find the targets of converting customer satisfaction into financial achievement a vague one. Research accept as true that restaurant failures are partially a consequence of managements lack of strategic direction in determining and focusing on customer contentment, satisfaction and at last most importantly retention. 4.3 Customer Loyalty Brink and Berndt (2004:32) state that customer trueness the aim of CRM is more than having customers brand repeat purchases and beingness content with their experiences and products or employment they bought. Client loyalty entails that customers are attached to buying products and services from a particular business and will resist the activities of competition companies attempting to attract their backing (Paswan et al.,2007). With customer loyalty, a bond is formed between the business and customer and the bond is based on more than a positive feeling about the business. By ensuring high levels of customer loyalty something Fishy, Nandos attains greatly reduced customer defection rates which in turn push to favorable rates of customer retention (Terblan-che, 2007). 4.4 Customer Problem in Retention There are a variety of researches which investigate the retention of the customers problem. Many authors look at the retention of the customers from the switching barriers perspective (Colgate et al., 2007; Ahmad and Buttle, 2001; Roos, 1999; Anton et al., 2007; Jones et al., 2007; White, Lemon and Hogan, 2007 etc.). Colgate etal. (2007) in their work, researched customers who decided to stay with their current service provider after serious consideration of shifting to another service provider. Colgate et al. (2007) conducted a big empirical research which covered big variety of service industries (banks, insurance companies, doctors, electricity companies, dentists, mobile phone companies, fitness centers, hairdressers, Internet service providers, telephone companies, airlines, credit card companies, auto mechanics, video stores, and opticians) but not the restaurant service industry. The final reasons to stay according to the Colgate et al. (2007) are categorized into the switching barriers and affirmatory barriers. Research of Colgate et al. (2007) gives the understanding of wide categories which influence the customers retention (e.g. satisfaction), but dont specifies these categories (i.e. the satisfaction with which determinants of the service enhances retention? Indeed, if the customer replies that he or she is satisfied with the present service provider. It will not be helpful to understand the satisfaction in depth and what factors makes customers come back. Han, Back, and Barrett (2009) research relationships among consumption emotions, customer satisfaction, switching barriers and customer retention. They identified next switching barriers for the restaurant customers: switching costs, relational investment, lack of alternatives, preference. Authors also stated that these switching barriers are extensively related to repurchase intentions, and they explain why customers come back even when they experience low level of satisfaction or fault-finding emotions at the restaurant. Han, Back, and Barrett (2009) highlighted that there is a positive relationship between customer satisfaction and customer retention, also customer satisfaction highly influenced by emotional factors such as comfort and displeasure. (Han, Back, Barrett, 2009) Another researcher is Roos who looks at the customers retention from the scope of switching barriers. Roos (1999) defines switching determinants as pushing determinants (what makes customers to switch to another provider) and pulling determinants (what makes customers come back). The pushing determinants according to the Roos (1999) are price, range of goods, product mix, location, failure of system, design, policy (terms of payment), variation (a natural need of people for variation). While pulling determinants are variation, location, and range of goods, habit, pleasure and policy (Roos, 1999). Lets compare the restaurants service elements with the switching determinants presented by Roos (1999). Product P can be associated with the range of goods, product mix, variation; Place P can be associated with the location; Physical environment P can be associated with design; Process P (payment part) with policy. Interesting determinants presented by Roos (1999) are pleasure, habit and failure of the system. It is challenging to compare mentioned determinants with the restaurants service elements, but we think that satisfaction with, for example, Physical environment and People Ps can create pleasure. Malfunction with delivering of some or all of the restaurants service elements can create a service failure. We assume that stable satisfaction with the restaurants service elements desired by the customer can create a habitual (routine) process of buying. Also we can look at the restaurants service elements from the creating of switching barriers scope. We think that the restaurants service elements could be used to create different kind of economical, social and emotional switching barriers. Jones et al. (2007) propose three switching costs dimensions: social, lost benefits and procedural. The behavioral outcome of creating these types of costs according to the Jones et al. (2007) could be repurchasing intentions and Negative Word of Mouth (if customers are locked in the relations they dont want to be involved in by the switching costs they can start generating Negative WOM). Social switching costs Jones et al. (2007) relate to the potential loss of friendship with the service provider. This type of switching costs we associate with the People P of the 7 Ps Model. Lost benefits switching costs Jones et al. (2007) relate to the economical loses of the customer such as special offerings and price. We assume that lost benefits switching costs can be associated with the Price restaurants service element and Special offers, discounts etc. restaurants service element. Procedural switching costs Jones et al. (2007) relate to the time and efforts needed to find and adapt to a ne w service provider. At the same time they positively influence the customer dissatisfaction which directly influence the customer switching intentions (Anton et al., 2007). The service quality according to the Anton et al. (2007) is founded on such dimensions as the service outcome, interaction between service and customer, and physical environment qualities. We assume that the service outcome can be associated with the Food and Additional services restaurants service elements, interaction with the Friendly and helpful staff restaurants service element, and Physical environment qualities respectively with the Atmosphere restaurants service element. Commitments according to Anton et al. (2007) are willingness to invest, shared information, loyalty and commitment to the customer, or perceived desire to continue. The unfair pricing and anger incidents according to Anton et al. (2007) strongly affects switching intentions of the customers both directly and indirectly through satisfaction. We think that un fair pricing can be also analyzed through the Price restaurants service element. The anger incidents according to Anton et al. (2007) are related to the customers experience when they become upset and lose confidence in the firm. There could be lots of factors generating lose in the firms confidence. At this stage we assume that dissatisfaction with some or all of the restaurants service elements can be one of such factors which makes customers upset. Lemon, White and Winer (2002) state that when customers decide whether or not to come back they consider not only current and past evaluations of companys performance (service quality, satisfaction) they also evaluate future expectations (future benefits and future regret). Authors state that firms should put more emphasize on customer expectations of future benefits in order to achieve retention and suggest to marketers to take into consideration how marketing mix elements (for instance, pricing strategy) influence customers current usage levels and expectations of future use when developing marketing strategy (Lemon, White, Winer, 2002). Keaveney (1995) defined reasons of switching behavior of the customers within the service industries: price, inconvenience, core service failures, failed employee responses to service failure, ethical problems, involuntary factors, competitive issues and service encounter failures. In his model are present such elements of 7 Ps Model like Product, Price, People, Physical environment etc. Also Keaveney (1995) stated that six of the eight causes of switching behavior can be controlled by the service provider. Ahmad and Buttle (2001) emphasize that the Marketing Mix model is the tool of traditional marketing approach which is directed to acquisition of the new customers, at the same time it can be used to achieve higher rates of customers retention. Ahmad and Buttle (2001) propose three types of potential retention increase strategies for three types of consumers: consumers of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG), consumers of services, businesses as users of physical goods and services. In all strategies they propose adjustment of particular elements which can be associated with Marketing Mix Model. Berne et al. (2001) see retention of the customers as a function of the customer satisfaction while customer satisfaction is a function of the service quality (SQ-CS-CR model). Also he adds to this model variety seeking determinant which influences the customer retention directly (Berne et al, 2001). The variety seeking determinant we can try to associate with the Food restaurants service element as the big variety of products can satisfy the natural need of customer for variety seeking process. Furthermore, to the determinants of customer satisfaction Berne et al. (2001) relate: personnel and cleanliness, food, atmosphere, fast service. Personnel and cleanliness we can associate with Friendly and helpful staff restaurants service element, Food with Food restaurants service element, atmosphere Atmosphere restaurants service element, Fast service Easy and fast order taking process and Service delivery speed restaurants service elements. Based on the overviewed theoretical background in our empirical research we want to find out which role each restaurants service element plays in retention of the restaurant customers. Another important view on the customer retention was highlighted by the Yi and La (2004). Their study research the impact of the loyalty factor on customer satisfaction and repurchase intention (Yi, La, 2004). Authors concluded that for loyal customers satisfaction has a direct impact on repurchase intentions, when for non-loyal customers adjusted expectations (expectations formed after consumption) play leading role in forming repurchase intention (Yi, La, 2004). Therefore, researchers highlight that when failure happens; repurchase intentions of loyal customers are less affected than repurchase intentions of non-loyal customers (Yi, La, 2004). Looking for the loyalty measurement tool we have directed our attention at the research of Reichheld (2003). He has presented the set of questions directed to the loyalty measurement and identified one question which was the most effective tool of loyalty measurement among other questions (Reichheld, 2003). Reichheld (2003) justified the correctness of his question by the notion that those customers, who recommend the service, are highly likely to be the loyal customers. This gives us the opportunity to touch the relation between retention and loyalty of the customer. 4.5 Customer Service Satisfaction The core aim of any business is to make sure that the customer that buys its product or service is satisfied. Customer satisfaction can be described as the degree to which a businesss product or service performance matches up to the expectations of the customer. If the performance matches or exceeds the expectations, then the customer is satisfied, if performance is less than par then the customer is dissatisfied (Brink and Berndt, 2004:46). However, to make sure that the business satisfies the needs and wants of its identified target market, the business must focus on customer value. All customers want to buy a product or service of value. Customer satisfaction is defined as the consumers fulfillment response. It is a judgment that the service or product features, its attributes provided a delightful level of consumption associated achievement including levels of under fulfillment or over fulfillment (Eileen and Berry, 2007). 4.6 Product Specific Satisfaction In todays fast rapidity and progressively more competitive market, the base line of a firms promotion and marketing strategies, tactics and procedure is to make s and add to the growth of the company. Customer satisfaction, contentment, quality of the service, excellence and retention are global matter that influences all organizations. This include all type of organizations, it can be large or small, global or local or non-, services provider. The significance of elevated quality service given to business success, there are various prospective benefits for the management of restaurants from performing a customer-based assessment of the service quality veteran at their organization. In restaurant industry, the intangible nature of services means that particular specifications for the homogeneous quality of service are complicated if at all probable to set. This sometimes put together it difficult for restaurant managers, workforce and customers to calculate, measure, assessment or confirm service productivity and service quality 4.7 Timeliness of Delivery Customer service departments can meet customers in person or be reached over the phone. Customer service delivery relates to certain elements that are necessary when serving customers, including treating them properly and answering the customers question to his satisfaction. Special Attention: One customer service deliverable includes providing the customer with special attention, which includes eye contact, according to Inc. This attention ensures that the customer gets to ask her question without getting rushed. Customers usually appreciate it when companies take time to listen to them. Professionalism: Professionalism is another element that companies must deliver to customers. A customer service rep must maintain certain decorum and not get angry with the customer, though the customer may be upset. Timeliness: People are busy today, so customer service delivery also entails handling transactions or refunds in a timely manner. No one wants to stand in line for 10 or 15 minutes. When customer service reps see a line queue, they should allocate more reps to serve the customers. Fax or phone orders to the restaurant. Pick up and deliver the food to customers, then collect payment. 4.8 Customer Relationship Management Customer Relationship Management (CRM) has developed from a synthesis of relationship marketing, internal marketing, and customer care to form a fully integrated system (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2005:259). CRM has developed From a technology-centered view to a business-value activity Because companies now view customers as important Assets rather than just exploitable income sources that have to be looked after and developed (Iriana and Buttle, 2006: 24-26). CRM is a strategy which is used to learn more about customers needs and behaviors in order to develop stronger relationships with them (Leverin and Liljander, 2006:233-235). 4.9 Servperf Model According to Audrey (2003), the development of the SERVPERF model is aimed at providing an alternative method of measuring perceived service quality and significance of the relationships between service quality, customer satisfaction, and purchase intentions. This model consisted of five dimensions which are: Tangibility:The concern here is more specifically with the condition of physical environment of the restaurants, the equipments used to provide services and the products consumed by the customers (Yuksel, 2001). Besides, it also referred to the presentation of the interior (i.e. clean environment with a nice decoration of the place) and the convenience offered to the customer (Subhash, Ashok, Soon, 2000). Reliability:It is the restaurants regularity and consistency in performing services and the degree to which it inspires confidence and trust in customers. In operational terms, this means keeping promises, trust worthiness in transactions and the efficiency of the recovery process if anything goes wrong (Yuksel, 2001). Responsiveness: According to Parasuraman et al. (1985), Zeithaml, Parasuraman, and Berry (1990) and Fetus, Maxwell, and Godwin (2006) responsiveness is defined as willingness and readiness to help customers and provide prompt service. Assurance: Assurance means the knowledge and courtesy of restaurant staff and their ability to convey trust and confidence to its customers. It also includes three main elements which are (i) Courtesy: politeness, respect, consideration, and friendliness of contact personnel; (ii) Credibility: trustworthiness, believability, and honesty of the service provider as well as (iii) Security: freedom from risk, or doubt (Parasuraman et al., 1985; Zeithaml et al., 1990; Fetus et al., 2006). Empathy: This term means caring, giving individual attention from the restaurant staff to its customers. There are several components in this dimension which are (i) Access: approachability and ease of contact; (ii) Communication: keeping customers informed in languages they can understand and also listening to them; and (iii) Understanding Customers: making the effort to know customers and their needs and wants. What exactly they demand (Parasuraman et al., 1985; Zeithaml et al., 1990; Hyung, 2006). 5. RESEARCH FINDINGS 5.1 Analysis 1. Specify your age range, please: 15-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56+ 4.1 Distribution of the respondents through the age range categories. Age range category Number of respondents 15-25 15 26-35 15 36-45 21 46-55 20 56+ 29 Analysis: The total numbers of questionnaires that we distributed were 100, out of which 15% respondents were in the age group of 15 to 25 years, 15% were in the age group of 26 to 35years and 21% were in the age group of 36 to 45 years. 20% were in the age group of 46 to 55 years. And the rest 29% were in the age group of 56+. Hence the majority of people surveyed had age group from 56 +year. 2. How often do you visit this restaurant? 1-10 11-50 51-100 101-200 201+ Table 4.2 Distribution of the respondents through restaurants visiting frequency categories. Analysis:The frequency of visiting the restaurant of the respondents were, 31% of the respondents have visited the same restaurant 1 to 10 times, 39% of the respondents said that they have visited the same restaurant 11 to 50 times, 17% visited 51 to 100 times, 7% said 101 to 150 times 4% of them visited more than 150 times. 3. What makes you come back to the restaurant? Mark 3 options Retention reason Amount of Respondents % Food 87 33.21 Atmosphere 45 17.18 Price 23 8.78 Location 22 8.40 Friendly and helpful staff 12 4.58 Easy and fast order taking process 14 5.34 Service delivery speed 13 4.96 Special offers, discounts etc. 45 17.18 Who other clients are 1 0.38 Total 262 100% Analysis:we find many reasons of revisiting to the same restaurant from the respondent in which top 3 are Food, Atmosphere, Special offers discounts are major reasons for retention. 4. How long are you being a regular client of the restaurant? Table 4.3 Distribution of the respondents through duration of being restaurant regular customer, years. Analysis:Some of the respondents were not sure whether they have been returning back to the restaurant for 2 or 3 yrs so we interpreted this value as 2.5 years. It has been observed during the research that customers that fall in the first 4 categories of duration have declining interest because they have got better options offered by other restaurants where as the customer of last 3 duration categories are loyal to the same restaurant because of primarily food, service, and location. 5. To what extent from 1 to 10 (10 means the most important) does the following attributes influence your decision to continue to go to the restaurant? Restaurants service element Rating Food 8.7 Friendly and helpful staff 8.26 Atmosphere 7.51 Service delivery speed 7.24 Location of the restaurant 7.05 Price 7.01 Payment process 7 Easy and fast order taking process 6.87 Easy table reservation process 6.56 Recognition by the staff 5.83 Special offers, discounts etc. 5.45 Who other clients are 5.38 Additional services 4.29 Table 4.5 Rating of restaurants service element from closed questions Analysis:There is no doubt about that food is the core service element of the restaurant and customers who dine out are more conscious about taste quality of food. That is why the food is rated highly and nobody has weighted Food as 1-3. But the fact, which influences them more, is the staff of the restaurant. The highest amount of respondents rated this element as an important. The lowest rated element was additional services like (newspapers, parking etc). 6. How likely is it that you would recommend restaurant x to a friend or colleague? Where is 1not at all likely, 5 is neutral and 10 is extremely likely (Reich held, 2003) Customer distribution through Reichhelds customer categories Table 4.4 Respondents distribution through Reichhelds (2003) customer categories Analysis:we find that the 14% of the respondents done a critical analysis of the restaurants service elements where as 35% customer are least bothered about other service elements or they have compromised on other services elements that is why they look satisfied to some extent. While 51% of the respondents were fully satisfied and they were trying to defend the restaurants service elements and were eager to recommend the restaurant service, are highly likely to be the loyal customers. 6. CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Conclusion Testing customer demands indicated that management of the restaurant must make an effort to deliver not only quality food stuffs and services, but at the same time a high level of dining satisfaction that will lead to increased customer return results in re-patronage of customer and greater market share. The consequence of customer satisfaction and contentment in relation to possession rates, return rates and equally management researchers and experts in the generosity field have long urged ability. The behavior of the restaurant staff (the way they treat, talk, their face expressions, willingness and positive response) to the customers is another most important factor that helps in increasing the customer retention. The management of the restaurant should focus on the way their staff welcome and acknowledged their customers on the board. In the fast food industry, patronage and recommendations are dependent on the personalized service through empathy and assurance, the better the way they deal with their customers the higher will be the retention rate. As an outcome, the restaurants whole environment of service, the atmospherics of feelings of the surroundings is always very imperative in seminal both customers and front line staff attitude about the procedures and service delivery outcome. This entails that, it was very important that the awareness of the tangible pressure on service quality, such as the substantial and physical facilities, and the appearance of personnel The challenge for the management here is to train their staff to ensure better quality service, like appearance and cleanliness of the restaurant staff which are significant factors and play an important role in increasing the retention rate of the customers. In servicing industry the appearance and behavior of the employees is most important therefore, manager should focus these aspects with high priority. Tangible quality on its own may have a weaker influence and effect on behavior, but it helps in developing feelings and sense of attachment towards the restaurant, which results in a stronger influence on behavior. Restaurants supposed to strive for enlightening positive feelings to their brand name by maneuvering tangible attributes. Another most important issue for the fast food restaurants of Karachi is that though people do not accept that they are price conscious yet we find them, but price factor can be made less important for the customers if they are valued properly though all service elements. 6.2 Recommendations Customer satisfaction is a key element for the planning of the marketing in view of the fact that satisfaction does sway customers intention to re-patronage the restaurant in fast food industry. Therefore, marketers are supposed to look into the issues that would have an effect on customer satisfaction intensity. Besides, as customer prospect are altering over time and it is advised to determine the customer satisfaction and expectation on regular basis and grip complaints timely and effectively. In order to provide the value addition to know the needs to the consumer and to satisfy them then managers and restaurants administration should understand what customers value and must understand how consumers perceives their restaurants products and services. So to have a study that divulges consumer perception of all brands is necessary. A study of this type should generate an accepting of how customers appraise main brands in order to get better both managerial and the academic understanding in the customers assessment process. Restaurants should invest in the training and development of their employees as they are the one who in actual are dealing with the customers, their presence and approach will create an image in the customers mind. Customer retention is important in the current competitive environment; restaurant manager should need to take care of the factors that have a direct impact on the customer retention rate.